Xi & Putin Outline Shared Vision for Multipolarity
Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin held talks in Beijing on Wednesday. In this special edition, I am pre-empting what will be the focus of tomorrow’s People’s Daily, by doing a deep-dive into the readouts and the outcomes from the summit.
The Chinese readout of the Xi-Putin meeting says that the two leaders first held talks in a restricted-format and then in an expanded format.
“Xi Jinping pointed out that this year marks the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the China-Russia strategic cooperative partnership and the 25th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Good-Neighbourliness and Friendly Cooperation Between China and Russia. By signing the treaty, China and Russia established in legal form the institutional foundation for long-term good-neighbourly friendship and comprehensive strategic coordination, enabling China-Russia relations to achieve leapfrog development. China-Russia relations have reached today’s height step by step because both sides have continuously deepened political mutual trust and strategic coordination with the perseverance of ‘standing firm amid a thousand grindings and ten thousand strikes’, expanded cooperation in various fields with the spirit of ‘ascending yet another storey’, and defended international fairness and justice and promoted the building of a community with a shared future for mankind with the courage of ‘remaining calm and composed as swirling clouds and turbulent winds pass by’. Under the current international situation, as permanent members of the UN Security Council and major world powers, China and Russia should focus on long-term strategic objectives, use higher-quality comprehensive strategic coordination to support each other’s development and rejuvenation, and promote the construction of a more just and reasonable global governance system.” 习近平指出，今年是中俄战略协作伙伴关系建立30周年和《中俄睦邻友好合作条约》签署25周年。中俄两国签署睦邻友好合作条约，以法律形式确立了长期睦邻友好、全面战略协作的制度基础，中俄关系由此实现跨越式发展。中俄关系一步一个脚印走到今天这个高度，是因为双方以“千磨万击还坚劲”的毅力不断深化政治互信和战略协作，以“更上一层楼”的精神拓展各领域合作，以“乱云飞渡仍从容”的勇气捍卫国际公道正义、推动构建人类命运共同体。当前国际形势下，作为联合国安理会常任理事国和世界重要大国，中俄两国要着眼战略长远，以更高质量的全面战略协作助力各自国家发展振兴，推动构建更加公正合理的全球治理体系.
Xi Jinping pointed out that China and Russia adhere to developing the comprehensive strategic coordination partnership for a new era on the basis of treating each other as equals, mutual respect, honouring trust and upholding righteousness (重信守义), and win-win cooperation; political mutual trust has continuously deepened; cooperation in economy and trade, investment, energy, science and technology, people-to-people exchanges, and at the subnational level has continued to advance; and people-to-people bonds have become more solid. China-Russia relations have entered a new stage of greater accomplishment and faster development. Unwaveringly advancing the long-term, healthy, stable, and high-quality development of China-Russia relations is a strategic choice the two sides have made with an eye to the fundamental interests of both countries and the general trend of world development. The various departments of the two countries must do everything possible to implement the important consensus reached between President Putin and myself, fully grasp historic opportunities, and ensure that the foundation of mutual trust between the two countries grows ever firmer, that the quality of cooperation grows ever fuller, and that the road of friendship grows ever broader. 习近平指出，中俄两国坚持在平等相待、相互尊重、重信守义、合作共赢的基础上发展新时代全面战略协作伙伴关系，政治互信不断深化，经贸、投资、能源、科技、人文、地方等合作持续推进，民心相通更加牢固。中俄关系进入更有作为、更快发展的新阶段。坚定不移推动中俄关系长期、健康、稳定、高质量发展，是双方着眼两国根本利益和世界发展大势作出的战略选择。两国各部门要全力落实好我和普京总统达成的重要共识，充分把握历史机遇，推动两国的互信根基越扎越牢、合作成色越来越足、友谊之路越走越宽.
Xi Jinping emphasised that the two sides should focus on the goals of national development and revitalisation of the two countries, give full play to the comprehensive and complete characteristics of the China-Russia cooperation mechanisms, strengthen overall coordination and design of all-dimensional cooperation, advance the quality improvement and upgrading of practical cooperation in economy and trade and investment, energy and resources, transportation, and scientific and technological innovation, actively lay out cooperation in frontier fields, and use new-quality productive forces to forge new engines of growth; they should base themselves on continuing intergenerational friendship, strengthen people-to-people exchange and cooperation in education, culture, film, tourism, sports and other fields, and consolidate the social and public-opinion foundation of friendship between the two countries; they should deepen multilateral coordination, further closely coordinate and cooperate on multilateral platforms such as the United Nations, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, BRICS, and APEC, unwaveringly safeguard the post-war international order and the authority of international law, unite the Global South, and lead the correct direction of reform of the global governance system. 习近平强调，双方要聚焦两国发展振兴目标，充分发挥中俄合作机制全面、完备的特点，加强对全方位合作的统筹设计，推动经贸投资、能源资源、交通运输、科技创新等务实合作提质升级，积极布局前沿领域合作，以新质生产力打造增长新引擎；要立足赓续世代友好，加强教育、文化、电影、旅游、体育等人文交流合作，夯实两国友好的社会民意基础；要深化多边协作，进一步密切在联合国、上海合作组织、金砖国家、亚太经合组织等多边平台的协调和配合，坚定不移维护战后国际秩序和国际法权威，团结全球南方，引领全球治理体系改革的正确方向.
As per Xinhua, Putin said:
“Russia-China relations, under joint efforts from both sides, have reached an unprecedented level, featuring close high-level exchanges and solid political mutual trust. The two sides have seen a steady increase in bilateral trade, mutually beneficial energy supply and demand, the ever-deepening cooperation in transportation, logistics, science and technology, among others, and sound momentum in people-to-people exchanges, Putin added. Russia-China relations have withstood tests and grown stronger over time, becoming a paradigm of comprehensive strategic coordination, said Putin. Stressing that the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation is ever more relevant under the current situation, Putin said Russia is ready to work with China to act in line with the spirit of the Treaty, strengthen strategic coordination and practical cooperation, and promote bilateral relations to a higher level. Noting that Russia-China bilateral cooperation is an important stabilizing factor in the volatile international situation, Putin said Russia will continue to strengthen multilateral coordination with China, support China in hosting the APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting successfully, jointly enhance the status and influence of the SCO, strengthen unity and coordination within the BRICS mechanism, uphold the authority of the UN, champion the diversity of civilizations, and promote a more just and equitable international order.”
One interesting bit from the report is that Xi and Putin heard reports from the co-chairs of the vice premier-level cooperation committees under the framework of the China-Russia Prime Ministers’ Regular Meeting Mechanism regarding progress in cooperation in such fields as investment, energy, trade and commerce, Northeast China–Russian Far East cooperation, and people-to-people exchanges. The foreign ministers of the two countries also reported on the state of China-Russia coordination and cooperation in international and regional affairs. 两国元首听取了中俄总理定期会晤机制框架下副总理级合作委员会双方主席汇报投资、能源、经贸、东北－远东、人文等领域合作进展。两国外长汇报了中俄在国际和地区事务中协调合作的情况.
There were some substantive outcomes from this visit.
The two sides issued a Joint Statement on Further Strengthening Comprehensive Partnership and Strategic Cooperation and Deepening Relations of Good-Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation.
They approved a Joint Declaration on the Formation of a Multipolar World and a New Type of International Relations.
A Russian readout offers more details on the 20-odd deals that were inked.
Agreement on the Joint Construction of the Second Main Track of 1,435-mm gauge on the cross-border section of the Zabaikalsk-Manzhouli Railway
Memorandum of Understanding on Urban Development
A number of inter-agency documents were also signed concerning support for open trade and multilateralism, the development of sustainable trade in priority industrial products, customs personnel training, market regulation for 2026–2027, joint film production projects, and intellectual property matters
Several documents outlining interaction between relevant organisations in the fields of education and media were signed
Memoranda of understanding were signed between the Rosatom State Atomic Energy Corporation and the Chinese Academy of Sciences
MoU between China Atomic Energy Authority and the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China on cooperation in human resource development for the peaceful use of nuclear energy and scientific and technical cooperation in controlled thermonuclear fusion
An extensive package of documents was signed pertaining to innovation, sport, youth policy, and education
Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan Federal University, the Government of Shandong Province, and Shandong University on the establishment of Russia-China University of Advanced Technologies
After their meetings, the two leaders addressed the press. Xi said:
This year marks the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the China-Russia strategic partnership of coordination. Over the past 30 years, China-Russia relations have weathered storms and advanced with the times. The positioning of the relationship has continuously risen, reaching the highest historical level of a comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for the new era and establishing a model for a new type of major-country relations. This year also marks the 25th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Good-Neighbourliness and Friendly Cooperation between China and Russia. Over the years, the two countries have consistently abided by the principles of ‘non-alliance, non-confrontation, and not targeting any third party’ established by this Treaty, have upheld treating each other as equals, mutual respect, honouring trust and upholding righteousness, and win-win cooperation, and have made important contributions to safeguarding international fairness and justice and to advancing the building of a new type of international relations, becoming a key constant amid the once-in-a-century changes taking place in the world. Xi Jinping pointed out that under the joint strategic guidance of myself and President Putin, China-Russia relations have embarked on a new starting point. Both sides should conform to the trend of the times toward peace, development, cooperation, and win-win outcomes, and promote higher-quality development of China-Russia relations.
习近平强调，今年是中俄战略协作伙伴关系建立30周年。30年来，中俄关系栉风沐雨、与时俱进，关系定位不断提升，达到新时代全面战略协作伙伴关系的历史最高水平，树立起新型大国关系的典范。今年也是《中俄睦邻友好合作条约》签署25周年。多年来，两国始终恪守这一条约确立的“不结盟、不对抗、不针对第三方”原则，坚持平等相待、相互尊重、重信守义、合作共赢，为维护国际公平公道、推动构建新型国际关系作出重要贡献，成为世界百年变局中的关键恒量。习近平指出，在我和普京总统的共同战略引领下，中俄关系已经迈上新起点。双方要顺应和平、发展、合作、共赢的时代潮流，推动中俄关系实现更高质量发展。
First, build a higher-quality foundation of political mutual trust, and firmly support each other strategically. Political mutual trust is the most distinctive feature of China-Russia relations and is also the purpose and fundamental principle of the Treaty of Good-Neighbourliness and Friendly Cooperation between China and Russia. President Putin and I have jointly decided to extend this Treaty further. The two sides should carry forward the past while opening up the future, further firmly support each other on issues involving each other’s core interests and major concerns, continue to closely conduct strategic communication and exchanges at all levels, and continuously consolidate the foundation of political mutual trust between the two countries. 一是筑牢更高质量政治互信，坚定彼此战略支持。政治互信是中俄关系最鲜明的特征，也是《中俄睦邻友好合作条约》的宗旨和根本原则。我和普京总统已经共同决定将这一条约继续延期。双方要继往开来，在涉及彼此核心利益和重大关切问题上进一步相互坚定支持，持续密切战略沟通和各层级交往，不断夯实两国政治互信基础.
Second, empower higher-quality mutually beneficial cooperation, and jointly advance each country’s development and rejuvenation. In recent years, China-Russia cooperation has advanced with great strides in all fields and has achieved many positive results. Bilateral trade volume has exceeded $200 billion for three consecutive years, and in the first four months of this year bilateral trade volume grew by nearly 20%. The two sides should ride this momentum, deepen the alignment between China’s 15th FYP and Russia’s development strategy through 2030, push the quality improvement and upgrading of mutually beneficial cooperation in all fields, and serve the respective development and revitalisation of the two countries. 二是赋能更高质量互利合作，携手推进各自发展振兴。近年来，中俄两国各领域合作阔步前进，取得许多积极成果。双边贸易额已经连续3年突破2000亿美元，今年前4个月双边贸易额增长近20%。双方要乘势而上，深化中国“十五五”规划同俄罗斯2030年前发展战略对接，推动各领域互利合作提质升级，服务两国各自发展振兴.
Third, advance higher-quality people-to-people bonds, and deeply cultivate the foundations of intergenerational friendship between the two countries. As China-Russia relations have developed at a high level, people-to-people exchanges between the two countries have continued to deepen, and the bonds of public sentiment have grown ever tighter. President Putin and I have decided that this year and next year will host the tenth national-level thematic year between the two countries—the ‘China-Russia Year of Education.’ Both sides should take the ‘Year of Education’ as an opportunity to continuously expand the scale of two-way student exchanges, deepen cooperation and exchanges between universities and scientific research platforms, achieve more visible results in talent cultivation and joint scientific research breakthroughs, and create more favorable conditions for the continued development of China-Russia relations. 三是推进更高质量民心相通，厚植两国世代友好根基。随着中俄关系高水平发展，两国人文交往不断密切，民心纽带越拉越紧。我和普京总统决定今明两年举办两国第十个国家级主题年——“中俄教育年”。双方要以“教育年”为契机，持续扩大双向留学规模，深化高校及科研平台交流合作，在优秀人才培养、联合科研攻关等方面取得更多可视化成果，为中俄关系不断发展创造更有利条件.
Fourth, conduct higher-quality international coordination, and reform and improve global governance. Today’s world is far from peaceful; unilateralism and hegemonism pose grave dangers, and the world faces the risk of regressing to the law of the jungle. As permanent members of the UN Security Council, China and Russia must firmly fulfil their mission and responsibility as responsible major countries, defend the authority of the United Nations and international fairness and justice, oppose all unilateral bullying acts and acts that turn the wheel of history backwards, and in particular oppose all provocative acts that negate the victorious outcomes of World War II and that ‘reverse the verdicts on”’ and ‘summon back the souls of’ fascism and militarism, jointly advancing the building of a more just and reasonable global governance system. 四是开展更高质量国际协作，改革完善全球治理。当今世界很不太平，单边主义、霸权主义危害深重，世界面临倒退回丛林法则的危险。作为联合国安理会常任理事国，中俄两国要坚定履行负责任大国使命担当，捍卫联合国权威和国际公平正义，反对一切单边霸凌和开历史倒车的行径，尤其要反对一切否定二战胜利成果、为法西斯和军国主义“翻案招魂”的挑衅行径，共同推动构建更加公正合理的全球治理体系.
As per the Kremlin’s website, this is what Putin told the press:
“Russia-China relations have reached a truly unprecedented level and continue to develop. At the same time, our relations are self-sufficient, do not depend on the current international situation, and can serve as an example of relations between nations in this age. Regarding our talks today, they were held in a traditionally warm, comradely and constructive atmosphere. We held in-depth discussions on all key aspects of our bilateral cooperation. The joint statement we have signed following these talks outlines the priority spheres of our interaction. We have signed a large package, or more precisely about 40 intergovernmental, interagency and corporate documents. Some of them have been signed here. Many of these focus on the further deepening of our economic cooperation. I would like to emphasise that Russia and China are important trade partners for each other. In 2025, our trade reached nearly US$240 billion, and its structure has expanded, including due to high added-value goods. Modern enterprises in both Russia and China have greatly contributed to the growth of mutual trade. Our coordinated actions to transition settlements between them, as well as between our countries in general, to payments in national currencies have been of great importance in this regard. As a result, nearly all Russia-China export-import transactions are made in rubles and yuan. In other words, we have actually created a stable system of mutual trade that is protected from external influence and negative trends in the global markets.”
“I would like to point out that Russia and China are actively cooperating in the sphere of energy. Our country is one of the largest exporters of oil, natural gas (including LNG) and coal to China. We are definitely ready to continue to ensure reliable and uninterrupted supplies of these types of fuel to the rapidly growing Chinese market…”
“President Xi Jinping and I have exchanged views on pressing international issues, following which a joint declaration was adopted confirming the shared fundamental approaches of our two countries. The key point is this: Russia and China are committed to an independent and sovereign foreign policy, act in close strategic coordination, and play an important stabilising role on the global stage. We work together for peace and shared prosperity. In this spirit, Moscow and Beijing jointly uphold international law and the provisions of the UN Charter in their entirety and interconnection and cooperate effectively within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, BRICS and other international structures, making a significant contribution to addressing pressing global and regional challenges. Russia supports the priorities of China’s chairmanship this year in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). We, for our part, will provide all necessary assistance for their practical implementation. I am confident that the upcoming summit in Shenzhen will be productive. We will, of course, continue to closely coordinate our positions in other multilateral formats as well, including the G20, the World Trade Organisation, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the New Development Bank. We intend to promote the alignment of integration processes within the Eurasian Economic Union and China’s Belt and Road Initiative, with a view to forming a Greater Eurasian Partnership.”
Okay, let’s now look at the full text of the Joint Declaration on the Formation of a Multipolar World and a New Type of International Relations. It says:
“Since the end of the Second World War, changes in the international landscape and in the global balance of power have been accelerating. On the one hand, the wave of decolonisation and the end of the Cold War led to a significant increase in the number of sovereign states in the world.
Since the end of the Second World War, the international landscape and the balance of power have been undergoing accelerated evolution. On the one hand, the wave of decolonisation and the end of the Cold War have caused the number of sovereign states in the world to increase substantially; the international community has become more diverse and complex; countries in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America and the Caribbean have seen a leap forward in their levels of development and international influence; the number of regional and trans-regional organizations has surged, covering various fields—including international politics, security, economics, and cultural and people-to-people cooperation—and are playing an ever-increasing role in global affairs. Interconnection and interdependence on a worldwide scale have reached a level unprecedented in human history. The practice of certain countries wantonly manipulating international affairs, imposing their own interests on the entire world with a colonial-era mindset, and restricting the development of other sovereign states has met a complete failure.
The system of international relations in the 21st century is undergoing a profound transformation, evolving towards a long-term state of multipolarity and the formation of a new type of international relations. Drawing upon their own historical experiences, the majority of nations have deeply recognised the advent of a new era; they oppose dividing the world into mutually antagonistic regions and blocs, and emphasise the imperative to build a more united international community characterised by mutual respect for fundamental interests, equal treatment, and mutually beneficial cooperation.
On the other hand, the international situation is becoming more complex. Unilateral coercion, hegemonism, bloc confrontation, and countercurrents of neocolonialism are surging. International law and the basic norms governing international relations are continuously being trampled upon. Many global governance institutions are finding it increasingly difficult to coordinate actions among states and mediate international disputes, making effective operation difficult. The global agenda of peace and development is facing new risks and challenges, and there is a danger of fragmentation of the international community and a return to the ‘law of the jungle’.”
一、第二次世界大战结束以来，国际格局和力量对比加速演变。一方面，非殖民化浪潮及冷战结束使全球主权国家数量大幅增加，国际社会更具多样性和复杂性，亚洲、非洲、中东、拉美和加勒比地区国家发展水平及国际影响力跃升，区域性和跨区域性组织数量激增，涵盖国际政治、安全、经济和人文合作等各领域，且在全球事务中发挥的作用持续提升。世界范围内的互联互通和相互依存达到人类历史上前所未有的水平。某些国家肆意操控国际事务，以殖民时代思维将自身利益强加于全世界，限制其他主权国家发展的做法已彻底失败。21世纪的国际关系体系正经历深刻变革，向多极化和新型国际关系逐渐演变。多数国家根据自身历史经验，已深刻认识到新时代的到来，反对将世界划分为相互对抗的地区和阵营，强调必须建设更为团结的国际社会，并尊重彼此根本利益，平等相待，互利合作。另一方面，国际形势愈加复杂，单边胁迫、霸权主义、阵营对抗及新殖民主义逆流涌动，国际法和国际关系基本准则不断遭到践踏，诸多全球治理机构在协调国家间行动和调解国际争端时更加困难，难以有效运转。世界和平与发展面临新的风险和挑战，存在国际社会碎片化和倒退回丛林法则的危险。
The two sides call on the international community to uphold the following main principles in advocating equal and orderly world multi-polarization and building a new type of international relations, including a more just and reasonable global governance system: 二、双方呼吁国际社会秉持以下主要原则倡导平等有序的世界多极化，构建包括更加公正合理的全球治理体系在内的新型国际关系.
(1) Upholding openness, inclusiveness, mutual benefit, and cooperation: The sovereignty, territorial integrity, and uniqueness of all countries should be respected, as should the independently chosen development paths and development models of sovereign states. Efforts should be made to bridge divisions and eliminate transnational barriers in all fields. There is no universally applicable development path in the world, nor are there countries or peoples inherently superior to others. Under complex international circumstances, natural differences among countries should not become obstacles to developing interstate relations based on equality, mutual benefit, and mutual respect. The democratization of international political relations and the building of a more open world economy conform to the fundamental interests of all countries. The use of unilateral means to solve common problems, as well as any form of hegemonism and coercive policy, is unacceptable. （一）坚持开放包容、互利合作应尊重各国主权、领土完整和独特性，尊重各主权国家自主选择的发展道路和发展模式。努力弥合分裂和消除各领域跨国障碍。世界上没有放之四海而皆准的发展道路，不存在高人一等的国家和民族。在错综复杂的国际形势下，不同国家间的自然差异不应成为发展平等互利、相互尊重的国家间关系的障碍。国际政治关系民主化和构建更加开放的世界经济符合各国根本利益。运用单边手段解决共同问题、任何形式的霸权主义和胁迫性政策均不可接受.
2. Upholding equal and indivisible security: Against the backdrop of growing risks and challenges faced jointly by humanity, building a more united international community means that one country’s security cannot come at the expense of another’s. All sovereign states enjoy equal rights in safeguarding their own security. Countries’ reasonable security concerns should be taken seriously, coordination on security issues should be strengthened, bloc confrontation and ‘zero-sum games’ should be resisted, military alliance expansion, hybrid warfare, and proxy wars should be opposed, and the building of a balanced, effective, and sustainable new type of global and regional security architecture should be advocated. Differences and disputes should be resolved peacefully through dialogue and consultation, and the root causes of conflicts should be eliminated. Sovereign states must not be forced to abandon neutrality. （二）坚持安全平等且不可分割在人类共同面对的风险和挑战日益增长背景下，构建更加团结的国际社会意味着一国安全不能以损害他国安全为代价。各主权国家在保障自身安全方面都享有平等权利。应重视各国合理安全关切，就安全问题加强协调，抵制阵营对抗和“零和博弈”，反对军事同盟扩张、混合战争和代理人战争，主张构建均衡、有效、可持续的新型全球和地区安全架构。应坚持通过对话协商以和平方式解决分歧争端，消弭冲突根源性问题。不可强迫主权国家放弃中立. (Note: To me, this paragraph is the one where we see the platitudes about sovereign equality for all fall apart. The way I read it, the concept of neutrality is being argued in the context of countries across the developing world and in the immediate peripheries/conventional spheres of influence of great powers. One must read this in the context of the February 2022 “no limits” joint statement. That document had said: “Russia and China stand against attempts by external forces to undermine security and stability in their common adjacent regions, intend to counter interference by outside forces in the internal affairs of sovereign countries under any pretext, oppose colour revolutions, and will increase cooperation in the aforementioned areas.”)
3. Upholding the democratization of international relations and improving the global governance system: All countries and groups of countries may freely choose their partners and models of international cooperation. Hegemonism is unacceptable and should be resisted. No country or group of countries should control international affairs, dominate the fate of other countries, or monopolize development advantages. The global governance system should be continuously improved so as to create conditions for all countries to participate equally in decision-making processes and benefit jointly. As an important means of regulating the international relations system, global governance should uphold sovereign equality, compliance with international rule of law, the practice of multilateralism, a people-centered approach, and action-oriented principles. (Note: This is a nod to China’s Global Governance Initiative). Adherence to multilateralism is the primary way to solve complex global problems, and its role should be strengthened to prevent the weakening of the authority of the United Nations. Reforms of the United Nations and other multilateral institutions should serve the interests of all humanity and continuously enhance the representation and voice of developing countries in the international system. The Charter of the United Nations is the fundamental norm governing international relations and must be observed comprehensively and fully. Rules formulated by a small number of countries cannot replace universally accepted international legal norms. Major powers should genuinely undertake their special responsibilities and missions, strengthen self-restraint, and refrain from abusing their power. （三）坚持促进国际关系民主化、完善全球治理体系所有国家及国家集团均可自由选择合作伙伴和国际协作模式。霸权主义不可接受，应予以抵制。任何国家或国家集团不得控制国际事务、主宰他国命运、垄断发展优势。全球治理体系应得到不断完善，为各国平等参与决策进程、共同受益创造条件。全球治理作为规范国际关系体系的重要抓手，应奉行主权平等、遵守国际法治、践行多边主义、倡导以人为本、注重行动导向。坚持多边主义是解决全球性复杂问题的主要办法，应强化其作用，防止联合国权威被削弱。联合国及其他多边机构改革应服务全人类利益，不断提升发展中国家在国际体系中的代表性和发言权。《联合国宪章》是国际关系的基本准则，必须全面、完整地遵守。不能以少数国家制定的规则取代普遍接受的国际法则。大国应切实承担起自身特殊责任和使命，加强自我约束，不滥用自身实力.
4. Upholding the diversity of world civilizations and values: All civilisations of humanity are equal and possess unique value; there is no distinction of higher and lower or superior and inferior among them. The moral and spiritual system of any one civilization should not be regarded as exclusive or superior to others. Countries should advocate a view of civilization based on equality, mutual learning, and dialogue, strengthen mutual respect, understanding, trust, and exchanges among different peoples and civilizations, promote mutual understanding and affinity among peoples of all countries, and protect cultural and civilizational diversity. The two sides firmly oppose using human rights as a pretext to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries, as well as the politicization and instrumentalization of human rights issues. Religion is an important carrier of human culture and plays a unique role in promoting people-to-people connectivity. Countries should create a favourable environment for religious dialogue and exchange. 四）坚持世界文明和价值多样性人类各种文明平等且具有独特价值，没有高低、优劣之分。任何一种文明的道德精神体系都不应被视为具有排他性并优于其他文明。各国应倡导坚持平等、互鉴、对话的文明观，增强不同民族和文明间的相互尊重、理解、信任与交流，促进各国人民相知相亲，保护文化和文明多样性。坚决反对以人权为借口干涉别国内政，将人权问题政治化、工具化。宗教是人类文化的重要载体，在促进民心相通方面具有独特作用，各国应为宗教对话与交流创造良好环境.
The two sides will continue to form a shared vision on building a multipolar world and a more just new type of international relations. 三、双方将继续就构建多极世界和更加公正的新型国际关系形成共同愿景.
I am not doing a full breakdown of the other, much longer joint statement. But here are some key points:
The two sides decided to continue to deepen mutually beneficial exchange in the field of satellite navigation, to actively push for the implementation of the Roadmap for Cooperation between China and Russia in the Field of Satellite Navigation, 2026-2030, and to ensure the complementarity of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System and the GLONASS global satellite navigation system, for the benefit of users in all countries of the world. 双方决定持续深化卫星导航领域互利交流，积极推动落实《2026至2030年中俄卫星导航领域合作路线图》，保障北斗卫星导航系统和格洛纳斯全球卫星导航系统的互补性，造福世界各国用户.
The document talks about pursuing cooperation in the fields of satellite internet and the Internet of Things
Both sides are willing to coordinate in properly carrying out information support work for large-scale international events, promote reporting on the political, economic, social, cultural, and bilateral relationship development of the two countries, jointly respond to unfriendly actions by third parties that negatively affect media cooperation between the two countries, resist interference in internal affairs in the information sphere and the dissemination of false information that undermines cooperation between the two countries, and expand both sides’ channels for information dissemination. Both sides will deepen exchange and cooperation in the media field, jointly organise the China-Russia Media Forum, promote mutual visits between mainstream media organizations, strengthen joint talent training, provide convenience for media personnel from the two countries working in the other country, and carry out exchanges of experience in the field of digital diplomacy. They will expand the practical application of new technologies in the media field and deepen practical cooperation between local media organizations of the two countries. Both sides support exchanges and cooperation in areas such as joint production in the China-Russia online media field, co-creation of content by internet influencers, training of internet and new media personnel, and the holding of large-scale online media forums. 双方愿协调做好大型国际活动信息保障工作，促进两国政治、经济、社会、文化及双边关系发展的报道，共同应对第三方对两国媒体合作产生负面影响的不友好行为，抵制信息领域干涉内政和传播破坏两国合作的不实信息，拓展双方信息传播渠道。双方将深化媒体交流合作，共同办好中俄媒体论坛，促进主流媒体互访，加强人才联合培养，为两国媒体人士在对方国家工作提供便利，在数字外交领域开展经验交流。扩大新技术在媒体领域的实践运用，深化两国地方媒体务实合作。双方支持中俄网络媒体领域联合制作、网络名人内容共创、网络与新媒体人才培养、举办大型网络媒体论坛等方面交流合作.
The international relations section is very critical of “unilateral, coercive, punitive, or discriminatory protectionist measures” taken by states.
On arms control: “The Russian side respects the Chinese side’s position regarding ‘trilateral nuclear arms control negotiations involving China, the United States, and Russia’.”
This bit on the destabilising actions of other nuclear-weapons states, the US’ Golden Dome and the threat of others acquiring nukes is worth reading:
“The two sides oppose various provocative acts and hostile behaviour by certain nuclear-weapons states directed at other nuclear-weapons states; such acts damage the fundamental interests of these states in the security domain and cause an increase in strategic risks. Certain nuclear-weapon states are obsessed with the supremacy of force and seek absolute military-security superiority, deploying military strategic infrastructure and other strategic offensive and defensive weapons close to the frontiers of other nuclear-weapon states, and recklessly expanding military alliances in violation of the principle of equal and indivisible security, thereby increasing tensions among nuclear-weapon states. The two sides call on the other states that signed the Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapons States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races issued on 3 January 2022 to strictly and fully comply with its provisions. 双方反对个别核武器国家针对其他核武器国家的各类挑衅行径和敌对行为，此类行为损害这些国家在安全领域的根本利益并导致战略风险上升。某些核武器国家迷信实力至上、谋求绝对安全军事优势，抵近其他核武器国家前沿部署军事战略基础设施和其他战略进攻性与战略防御性武器，违背平等且不可分割原则无节制地扩大军事联盟，增加核武器国家间的紧张关系。呼吁其他签署2022年1月3日发表的《五个核武器国家领导人关于防止核战争与避免军备竞赛的联合声明》的国家严格充分遵守其规定.
The two sides point out that the plans and actions of certain nuclear-weapon states and their allies to deploy land-based intermediate- and shorter-range missiles abroad constitute a threat to other nuclear-weapon states. It is concerning that the relevant missiles have short flight times and are suitable for conducting high-precision, large-scale strikes against important critical facilities and targets located within other nuclear-weapon states. At the same time, nuclear-weapon states and non-nuclear-weapon states within certain military alliances and blocs are implementing strategies such as ‘active launch suppression (left of launch)’, ‘deep precision strike’, ‘kill chain’, and ‘counterforce capability’, carrying out preemptive and preventive missile strikes, as well as decapitation and disarming attacks against adversaries. Such behaviour constitutes a serious destabilising factor and poses a strategic threat to the targeted states. The two sides strongly condemn such provocative actions that undermine regional stability and global security and will jointly respond to them. 双方指出，某些核武器国家和其盟友在境外部署陆基中短程导弹的计划和行动对其他核武器国家构成威胁。令人关切的是，相关导弹飞行时间短且适用于高精度大规模打击位于其他核武器国家境内的重要关键设施和目标。与此同时，某些军事同盟和集团内的核武器国家以及非核武器国家实施“主动抑制发射”、“深度精准打击”、“杀伤链”、“反击能力”等战略，实行先发制人、预防性导弹打击，对敌人进行斩首、解除武装，类似的行为是严重的不稳定因素，对被打击国家构成战略威胁。双方对此种破坏地区稳定与全球安全的挑衅行为表示强烈谴责，将联手应对.
The two sides believe that the United States’ ‘Golden Dome’ plan aims to establish an unconstrained global, multi-layered, and multi-domain missile defense system capable of countering threats from all missiles, including those of any ‘peer competitor’, at every stage from pre-launch preparation to flight. This significantly undermines strategic stability. The plan completely negates the inseparability of the interrelationship between strategic offensive weapons and strategic defensive weapons, which is a core principle for maintaining strategic stability. It substantially increases the risk of conflict in outer space, promotes the weaponization of outer space and its transformation into a venue for armed confrontation, violates the purposes and objectives of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, regarding the peaceful use of outer space, and further aggravates the situation. 双方认为，美国“金穹”计划旨在构建不受任何约束的全球性、多层次、多领域导弹防御系统，抵御包括任何“势均力敌”对手的所有导弹从发射前准备到飞行所有阶段的威胁，对战略稳定造成显著破坏。该计划全盘否定了战略进攻性武器与战略防御性武器之间相互联系的不可分割性这一维护战略稳定的核心原则，大幅提升外空冲突风险，将外空武器化并使之成为武装对抗场所，违反《关于各国探测及使用外空包括月球与其他天体之活动所应遵守原则之条约》（即《外空条约》）和平利用外空的宗旨目标，导致局势雪上加霜.
The two sides are highly concerned about Japan’s long-term large-scale stockpiling of sensitive nuclear materials that lack credible civilian uses, and are vigilant against the unacceptable ambitions and extremely provocative behaviour of right-wing forces in that country, such as promoting revisions to the ‘Three Non-Nuclear Principles’, including shifting toward a more destructive form of ‘extended deterrence’ jointly implemented with allies and containing potential elements of ‘nuclear sharing’ with allies, and even attempting to independently possess nuclear weapons. The two sides urge the Japanese government to earnestly comply with its obligations under international law, including the NPT. 双方高度关切日本长期大量囤积没有可信民用用途的敏感核材料，警惕该国右翼势力令人无法接受的野心和极端挑衅行为，即推动修改“无核三原则”，也包括转向更具破坏性的、含有与盟国“核共享”潜在因素的、和盟国共同实现的“延伸威慑”，甚至妄图自主拥核，敦促日本政府切实遵守《不扩散核武器条约》等国际法义务.
The Chinese side takes note of the Russian side’s concerns arising from the EU’s strengthening of defence construction. 中方注意到俄方因欧盟加强防务建设产生的关切。
The two sides point out that the actions of pushing NATO to enter the Asia-Pacific region, as well as creating an ‘Asia-Pacific version’ of NATO based on mechanisms such as the AUKUS alliance, do not accord with the task of consolidating regional peace and security. The two sides oppose attempts to wreck the ASEAN-centred regional cooperation architecture by actively forging bloc alliances in the Asia-Pacific region. 双方指出，推动北约进入亚太地区以及基于奥库斯联盟等机制打造“亚太版”北约的行为不符合巩固地区和平与安全的任务。双方反对通过在亚太地区积极打造集团联盟来毁坏以东盟为中心的区域合作架构的企图.
The two sides emphasise that, at present, Japan is accelerating its ‘remilitarisation’, seriously threatening regional peace and stability, and the international community and regional countries are highly vigilant about this. This year marks the 80th anniversary of the opening of the Tokyo Trials. In the process of investigations conducted by the tribunal, it was ascertained that the scale of war crimes committed by Japanese militarists was extremely vast, and that the degree of cruelty and terror of their conduct directed at civilians was unimaginable. The two sides urge the Japanese government to draw lessons from this, to acknowledge all the outcomes of the Second World War on the basis of its own inhumane history of aggression, and to resist ‘neo-militarism’ and ‘remilitarization’, because these once brought profound disasters to the peoples of countries around the world as well as to Japan itself. 双方强调，当前，日本加速“再军事化”，严重威胁地区和平稳定，国际社会和地区国家对此高度警惕。今年是东京审判开庭80周年。在法庭开展调查过程中，查明日本军国主义分子犯下的战争罪行规模极其巨大，其针对平民的行径残酷与恐怖程度难以想象。敦促日本政府应从中汲取教训，基于自身惨无人道的侵略历史，承认第二次世界大战全部成果，抵制“新型军国主义”和“再军事化”，因为这曾经给世界各国人民和日本自身带来深重灾难.
The two sides hold that it is necessary, on the basis of fully, completely, and comprehensively following the principles of the UN Charter, to eliminate the root causes of the Ukraine crisis, ensure the achievement of common security, and construct an architecture of lasting peace. To this end, the two sides support all efforts conducive to securing long-term sustainable peace, and support continuing to seek solutions through dialogue and negotiation. The Russian side positively assesses the Chinese side’s objective and impartial position on the issue of the situation in Ukraine, and welcomes the Chinese side’s willingness to play a constructive role in resolving the Ukraine crisis through political and diplomatic channels. 双方认为必须在充分、完整、全面遵循《联合国宪章》原则基础上消除乌克兰危机根源，确保实现共同安全，构建持久和平架构。为此，双方支持一切有利于争取长期可持续和平的努力，支持继续通过对话谈判寻求解决方案。俄方积极评价中方在乌克兰局势问题上的客观公正立场，欢迎中方愿为通过政治外交途径解决乌克兰危机发挥建设性作用.
On the conflict in Gaza and broader West Asia, here are some useful excerpts that I have pulled together from across the document:
Both sides point out that brazenly launching military strikes against other countries, using negotiations as a pretext while actually preparing for such actions, assassinating the leaders of sovereign states, destabilising their domestic political environments, inciting regime change, and forcibly abducting and putting a head of state on trial, seriously violate the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, seriously violate international law and the basic norms governing international relations, and seriously undermine the foundations of the international order formed after the Second World War and the civilisational foundations of exchanges among states. The two sides firmly oppose and strongly condemn such actions, and point out that the main cause of present instability on the Eurasian continent is destructive external interference. 双方指出，悍然对别国发动军事打击，以谈判为名行准备之实，击杀主权国家领导人、动摇其国内政治环境、鼓动政权更迭、强掳审判一国元首的行为，严重违反《联合国宪章》宗旨和原则，严重违反国际法和国际关系基本准则，严重破坏二战后形成的国际秩序根基和国家间交流的文明根基。双方对此坚决反对和强烈谴责并指出，亚欧大陆现今不稳定的主要原因就是外部破坏性干涉.
The two sides are concerned about certain countries, transnational organisations, and their allies unilaterally obstructing international shipping, and believe that this poses a threat to the integrity of the entire international supply chain and to maritime trade. The two sides hold that cooperation on maritime infrastructure such as ports should follow market principles and commercial principles, avoid pan-securitisation and pan-politicisation, and jointly safeguard an open and mutually trusting environment for cooperation. 双方对个别国家、跨国组织及其盟友单方面阻碍国际航运感到担忧，认为这对整个国际供应链的完整性和海上贸易造成威胁。双方认为港口等海事基础设施合作应当遵循市场规律和商业原则，避免泛安全化、泛政治化，共同维护开放互信的合作环境.
The two sides unanimously hold that the military strikes by the United States and Israel against Iran violate international law and the basic norms of international relations, and seriously undermine the stability of the situation in the Middle East. The two sides emphasise that the parties to the conflict should return to the track of dialogue and negotiation as soon as possible, and prevent the flames of war from spreading and spilling over. The two sides call on the international community to uphold an objective and impartial position, to push the situation to develop in the direction of de-escalation, and to jointly defend the basic norms of international relations. 双方一致认为，美国、以色列军事打击伊朗，违反国际法和国际关系基本准则，严重破坏中东地区局势稳定。强调冲突当事方应尽快重返对话谈判轨道，防止战火蔓延和外溢。呼吁国际社会秉持客观公正立场，推动局势朝缓和方向发展，共同捍卫国际关系基本准则.
The two sides advocate for the achievement of a lasting ceasefire in Gaza, holding that this is conducive to maintaining long-term stability of the situation and to providing unobstructed humanitarian access to all who need it. The two sides affirm that, on the basis of universally recognised international law and centred on the ‘two-state solution’, the Palestinian question should be comprehensively, justly, and durably resolved, establishing an independent, prosperous, and territorially integral State of Palestine, coexisting peacefully and securely with Israel. 双方主张实现加沙持久停火，认为这有助于维护局势长期稳定、向所有需要的人提供畅通无阻的人道主义准入。双方确认应在公认的国际法基础上、以“两国方案”为中心，全面公正持久解决巴勒斯坦问题，建立独立、繁荣、领土完整的巴勒斯坦国，同以色列和平、安全共处.
And that’s about it. You can, of course, always go through the full document.