Breakdown of Xi-Putin Meeting & China-Russia Joint Statement
Hi folks,
Earlier today, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping met in Beijing. The two sides then issued a joint statement. In this edition of the newsletter, I’ve done a breakdown of the readout from the meeting and a detailed breakdown of the joint statement.
Cheers,
Manoj
Let’s first look at the Chinese readout from the Xi-Putin meeting.
“Xi Jinping pointed out that this year marks the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Russia. Over the past 75 years, China-Russia relations have weathered many storms and become stronger with time, standing the test of international changes. They together have found a new path for major countries and neighbouring countries to treat each other with respect and pursue amity and mutually beneficial cooperation. The stable development of China-Russia relations not only serves the fundamental interests of the two countries and their peoples, but is also conducive to peace, stability and prosperity in the region and even the world.” 习近平指出，今年是中俄建交75周年。75年来，中俄关系历经风雨，历久弥坚，经受住了国际风云变幻的考验，树立了大国、邻国相互尊重、坦诚相待、和睦相处、互利共赢的典范。中俄关系稳定发展，不仅符合两国和两国人民的根本利益，也有利于地区乃至世界的和平、稳定、繁荣.
“China is willing to always be a good neighbour, good friend, and good partner of mutual trust with Russia, continue to consolidate the enduring friendship between the two peoples, jointly achieve the development and revitalization of their respective countries, and work together to safeguard global fairness and justice.” 中方愿始终同俄方做彼此信赖的好邻居、好朋友、好伙伴，不断巩固两国人民世代友好，共同实现各自国家发展振兴，携手维护世界公平正义.
“Xi Jinping emphasized that the most important conclusion drawn from the 75-year development history of China-Russia relations is that the two neighbouring major countries must always adhere to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, mutual respect, equality and mutual trust, and take care of each other’s concerns, and truly help each other in their respective development and revitalization. This is not only the correct way for China and Russia to get along with each other, but also the direction that major country relations should strive for in the 21st century. China-Russia relations have profound historical and solid public opinion foundations. The two sides should intensify strategic coordination and mutually beneficial cooperation, firmly follow their own development paths, and firmly safeguard international fairness and justice.” 习近平强调，中俄关系75年发展历史得出的最重要结论，就是两个相邻的大国之间，必须始终弘扬和平共处五项原则，相互尊重、平等互信、照顾彼此关切，真正为双方的发展振兴相互提供助力。这既是中俄两国正确相处之道，也是21世纪大国关系应该努力的方向。中俄关系有着深厚的历史积淀和坚实的民意基础，双方要密切战略协作和互利合作，坚定地走自己的发展道路，坚定维护国际公平正义.
Among Putin’s reported comments, this is noteworthy:
“Developing China-Russia relations is not a matter of expediency/not a temporary phenomenon. China-Russia ties do not target third parties and are conducive to international strategic stability. Russia is willing to continue to expand bilateral cooperation with China, maintain close communication and coordination within multilateral frameworks like the United Nations, BRICS, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and promote the establishment of a more just and reasonable international order. 发展俄中关系不是权宜之计，不针对第三方，有利于国际战略稳定。俄方愿同中方持续扩大双边合作，密切在联合国、金砖国家、上海合作组织等框架内沟通协作，推动建立更加公正合理的国际秩序.
As part of their talks, Putin and Xi listened to reports from the chairpersons of the intergovernmental committees on cooperation in areas such as investment, energy, economy and trade, Northeast China and the Far East, cultural exchanges, and international affairs. They expressed satisfaction with the progress made and affirmed the suggestions for future cooperation. 两国元首随后主持大范围会谈。两国元首听取了两国政府间各合作委员会双方主席汇报投资、能源、经贸、东北－远东、人文、国际等领域合作情况，对取得的进展表示满意，对未来合作建议表示肯定.
Xi then said:
“With the concerted efforts of the two sides, China-Russia relations have been moving forward steadily, with enhanced comprehensive strategic coordination and further cooperation on economy and trade, investment, energy, people-to-people exchanges, at the subnational level and in other fields. This has made positive contributions to maintaining global strategic stability and promoting greater democracy in international relations. This year marks the 75th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China. China is comprehensively promoting Chinese-style modernization through high-quality development, accelerating the development of new quality productive forces, and adding new momentum to global economic growth. China and Russia are both permanent members of the UN Security Council and major emerging market countries. It is the common strategic choice of both countries to increase strategic coordination, expand mutually beneficial cooperation, and conform to the historical trend of world multipolarity and economic globalization. The two sides should take the 75th anniversary of the diplomatic ties as a new starting point, further synergize development strategies, and continue to enrich the bilateral cooperation, to bring greater benefits to the two countries and peoples.” 在双方共同努力下，中俄关系始终稳定向前发展，两国全面战略协作不断加强，经贸、投资、能源、人文、地方等领域合作持续推进，为维护全球战略稳定和促进国际关系民主化作出了积极贡献。今年是中华人民共和国成立75周年。中方正以高质量发展全面推进中国式现代化，加快发展新质生产力，并为全球经济增长增添新动能。中俄两国同为联合国常任理事国和主要新兴市场国家，双方加大战略协作，拓展互利合作，顺应世界多极化和经济全球化的历史大势，是两国共同的战略选择。双方应该以建交75周年为新起点，进一步加强发展战略对接，持续丰富双边合作内涵，更好造福两国和两国人民，为世界繁荣稳定贡献更多正能量.
Putin added: “Next year will mark the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Global Anti-Fascist War, and Russia and China will hold celebrations. Russia appreciates China’s objective and fair stance in major international and regional issues, and is willing to continue close strategic coordination with China, firmly support each other, promote world multi-polarization and the democratisation of international relations, and work to ensure that the Russia-China comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination achieves greater results.” 明年将迎来世界反法西斯战争胜利80周年，俄中双方将举行庆祝活动。俄方赞赏中方在重大国际地区事务中秉持客观公正立场，愿同中方继续密切战略协作，坚定相互支持，促进世界多极化和国际关系民主化进程，推动俄中全面战略协作伙伴关系取得更多成果。
Some useful points from Putin’s opening remarks reported on the Kremlin’s website:
We have established close and truly business-like interaction between our prime ministers, five intergovernmental commissions at the level of deputy prime ministers, and 80 sub-commissions and working groups.
We have created a substantial portfolio of 80 major joint investment projects in diverse fields.
Today, 90 percent of all transactions are carried out in rubles and yuan.
In their engagement with the media, Xi said that (English report) the two men had “concluded a sincere and cordial meeting covering many topics”. They “had an in-depth exchange of views on the relationship and on major international and regional issues of mutual interest, and charted the course forward for Sino-Russian relations and cooperation across the board.”
Xi said that over the past 75 years, “the China-Russia relationship has become a prime example of a new form of international relations as well as good-neighborly relations between two major countries. The notable progress in China-Russia relations is attributable to the two countries' commitment to five principles.
First, Xi said, China and Russia are committed to mutual respect as the fundamental principle of relations, and always render support for each other's core interests. The two presidents agree that the key to the two countries' finding a new path to growing relations between major and neighboring countries lies in mutual respect and equality as well as steadfast mutual support on issues concerning each other's core interests and major concerns. This is central to the China-Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for the new era. The two sides will continue to uphold the principles of non-alliance, non-confrontation and not targeting any third party, deepen two-way political trust, respect each other's choice of development path, and realize development and revitalization with each other's firm support.
Second, China and Russia are committed to win-win cooperation as the driving force of relations, and work to foster a new paradigm of mutual benefit. President Putin and I agree that the two countries need to look for areas where their interests converge, tap into their comparative strengths, deepen the integration of interests, and enable each other's success. The two countries need to make further structural improvements to their cooperation, consolidate the good momentum in trade and other traditional areas of cooperation, support the formation of platforms and networks for basic research, continue to unlock cooperation potential in frontier areas, step up cooperation on ports, transportation and logistics, and help keep the global industrial and supply chains stable.
Third, China and Russia are committed to lasting friendship as the foundation of relations, and carry forward the torch of Sino-Russian friendship. 2024 and 2025 have been established as China-Russia Years of Culture.
Fourth, China and Russia are committed to strategic coordination as an underpinning of relations, and steer global governance in the right direction. The two countries are firmly committed to safeguarding the U.N.-centered international system and the international order underpinned by international law. They stay in close coordination and collaboration in multilateral platforms such as the U.N., APEC and G20, and advance multipolarity and economic globalization in the spirit of true multilateralism. With Russia chairing BRICS this year and China taking over the chairmanship of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization later this year, the two sides will support each other's chairmanship, build a high-quality partnership that is more comprehensive, close, practical and inclusive, and build the unity and strength of the Global South.
Fifth, China and Russia are committed to fairness and justice as the purpose of relations, and dedicated to the political settlement of hotspots. Cold War mentality still exists, and unilateralism, hegemonism, bloc confrontation and power politics threaten world peace and the security of all countries. The two presidents are of the view that it is urgent to solve the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. U.N. resolutions must be earnestly implemented and the question of Palestine must be solved on the basis of the two-State solution. The two sides believe that a political settlement is the right way forward for the Ukraine crisis. China's position on this issue is consistent and clear, including observing the purposes and principles of the U.N. Charter, respecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries, respecting the legitimate security concerns of all parties, and building a new security architecture that is balanced, effective and sustainable. China hopes that peace and stability will return to the European continent at an early date, and stands ready to play a constructive role to this end.”
In his comments, Putin said that:
I want to note the significance of the Joint Statement we have adopted, which sets new objectives and long-term directives for advancing the entire spectrum of Russian-Chinese relations. The realisation of these goals will undoubtedly facilitate the implementation of an extensive array of intergovernmental, interdepartmental, and commercial agreements drafted for this visit.
With regard to trade and investment, he said that “currently, there are over 80 priority projects valued at approximately $200 billion in progress or in preparation for implementation through the respective intergovernmental commission.”
We have agreed to further improve communication between credit and banking institutions of Russia and China, while actively employing national payment systems to support our economic operators.
Energy cooperation between Russia and China extends beyond hydrocarbons to encompass the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Rosatom is building power units of Russian design at the Tianwan NPP and the Xudapu NPP in the People’s Republic of China. The commissioning of these units is poised to make a substantial contribution to China’s energy supply, providing affordable and clean energy to Chinese industries and households alike. Furthermore, with Russia’s involvement, an experimental fast-neutron facility has been built in China, and work is underway on the construction of a new demonstration fast reactor. With support from Chinese partners, the construction of the NICA accelerator complex is underway in Dubna, near Moscow, based on the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. Experiments conducted at this collider will pave the way for groundbreaking mega-science projects that surpass the capabilities of any single country in the world.
“Our talks have reaffirmed that Russia and China have similar or identical views on many international and regional issues. Both countries have an independent and sovereign foreign policy. We are working together to create a fairer and more democratic multipolar world order based on the central role of the UN and its Security Council, international law, cultural and civilizational diversity, as well as a calibrated balance of interests of all members of the international community. Acting from these positions, Russia and China are fruitfully working together in BRICS, where Russia is holding chairmanship this year, and in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the chairmanship of which China will take over in July. Of course, our countries are resolved to continue working to align integration processes underway within the framework of the EAEU with China's Belt and Road Initiative, with a view to ultimately creating a Greater Eurasian Partnership. This is why our countries call for renovating global economic governance, for reforming and depoliticising multilateral institutes, such as the World Trade Organisation, G20 and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, and for adjusting them to modern realities. We believe that it is necessary to create a reliable and appropriate security architecture in the Asia-Pacific Region, which has no place for closed military-political alliances. We believe that the creation of such alliances is extremely harmful and counterproductive.”
Finally, let’s take a look at the new Joint statement on deepening China-Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for a new era on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between the two countries. Key excerpts:
Section one deals with the past. This makes sense, since Xi said that they took stock of the journey of bilateral ties over 75 years.
It says that “Both sides pointed out that the current China-Russia relationship surpasses the military-political alliance model of the Cold War era and is characterised by non-alignment, non-confrontation, and not targeting any third party. In the face of a turbulent and changing world order, China-Russia relations have withstood the test of international changes, highlighting their stability and resilience, and are currently at their best level in history. Both sides emphasized that developing the China-Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for a new era is in line with the fundamental interests of both countries and their peoples. This is not an expedient measure, nor is it influenced by temporary factors. The ties have strong endogenous motivation and independent value. Both sides are firmly committed to defending their legitimate rights and interests, opposing any attempts to hinder the normal development of China-Russia relations, interfere in the internal affairs of both countries, or restrict their economic, technological, and international space.” 双方指出，当前的中俄关系超越冷战时期的军事政治同盟模式，具有不结盟、不对抗、不针对第三方的性质。面对动荡变革的世界格局，中俄关系经受住国际风云变幻考验，凸显出稳定、坚韧的特质，正处于历史最好水平。双方强调，发展中俄新时代全面战略协作伙伴关系符合两国和两国人民的根本利益，并非权宜之计，不受一时一事影响，具有强大的内生动力和独立价值。双方坚决捍卫自身合法权益，反对任何阻挠两国关系正常发展，干涉两国内部事务，限制两国经济、技术、国际空间的企图.
“Both sides reaffirmed that China and Russia have always regarded each other as priority partners, always adhered to mutual respect, equal treatment, and win-win cooperation. They have always abided by the UN Charter, international law and the basic norms of international relations, becoming a model of relations between major countries and two large neighbours. The two sides are willing to further deepen comprehensive strategic coordination, firmly support each other on issues involving each other's core interests, such as sovereignty, territorial integrity, security and development, reasonably and effectively leverage their respective advantages, focus on safeguarding the security and stability of their respective countries, and promote development and revitalization. The two sides will abide by the principles established in the China-Russia Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation signed on July 16, 2001, as well as other bilateral documents and statements, and carry out high-quality, high-level mutually beneficial cooperation in a wide range of areas.” 双方重申，中俄始终视彼此为优先合作伙伴，始终坚持相互尊重，平等相待，合作共赢，始终恪守《联合国宪章》、国际法和国际关系基本准则，成为当今世界大国和互为最大邻国关系的典范。双方愿进一步深化全面战略协作，在涉及彼此主权、领土完整、安全和发展等核心利益问题上相互坚定支持，合理有效发挥各自优势，着眼维护各自国家安全稳定，促进发展振兴。双方将遵循2001年7月16日签署的《中俄睦邻友好合作条约》以及其他双边文件和声明确定的原则，在广泛领域开展高质量、高水平的互利合作.
The joint statement has China praising the recent Russian election as “open, objective and inclusive”, with “results fully demonstrating that the national policies pursued by the Russian government have gained widespread support.” 中方对2024年3月成功举行的俄罗斯联邦总统大选表示欢迎，认为本次选举组织程度高，公开、客观且具有全民性，其结果充分彰显俄罗斯政府所奉行的国家政策获得广泛拥护，而发展同中华人民共和国的友好关系是俄罗斯外交政策的重要组成部分。Beijing also condemned the recent terror attack in Russia.
“The Russian side reiterates its adherence to the One-China principle, recognizing that Taiwan is an inseparable part of the People's Republic of China, opposing any form of "Taiwan independence," and firmly supporting China's measures to uphold national sovereignty, territorial integrity, and achieve national reunification. The Chinese side supports Russia in safeguarding its security, stability, development and prosperity, and sovereignty and territorial integrity, and opposes external interference in Russian internal affairs.” 俄方重申恪守一个中国原则，承认台湾是中华人民共和国不可分割的一部分，反对任何形式的“台独”，坚定支持中方维护国家主权和领土完整、实现国家统一的举措。中方支持俄方维护本国安全稳定、发展繁荣、主权和领土完整，反对外部势力干涉俄罗斯内政.
“The two sides pointed out that major changes in the world are accelerating. The status and strength of emerging powers in the countries and regions of the ‘Global South’ are constantly increasing, and the contours of world multipolarity are increasingly becoming clearer. These objective factors have accelerated the redistribution of development potential, resources, opportunities, etc., towards a direction favourable to emerging markets and developing countries, promoting the democratisation of international relations and international fairness and justice. Countries that adhere to hegemonism and power politics run counter to this and attempt to replace and subvert the recognized international order based on international law with a ‘rules-based order’. The two sides emphasized that China's concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind and a series of global initiatives are of great and positive significance. As independent forces in the process of building a multipolar world, China and Russia will fully tap the potential of their relations, promote the realization of an equal and orderly world multipolarity and the democratization of international relations, and pool their strength to build a fair and reasonable multipolar world.” 双方指出，世界大变局加速演进，“全球南方”国家和地区新兴大国地位和实力不断增强，世界多极化加速显现。这些客观因素加速了发展潜力、资源、机遇等的重新分配，朝着有利于新兴市场和发展中国家方向发展，促进了国际关系民主化和国际公平正义。而抱守霸权主义和强权政治的国家与此背道而驰，企图用“基于规则的秩序”取代和颠覆公认的以国际法为基础的国际秩序。双方强调，中方提出的构建人类命运共同体理念和一系列全球倡议具有重要积极意义. 作为建立多极世界进程中的独立力量，中俄将全面挖掘两国关系潜力，推动实现平等有序的世界多极化和国际关系民主化，凝聚力量构建公正合理的多极世界。
“Both sides believe that all countries have the right to independently choose development models and political, economic and social systems based on their national conditions and the will of their people, and oppose interference in the internal affairs of sovereign countries, unilateral sanctions and ‘long-arm jurisdiction, which have no basis in international law and are implemented without authorization from the Security Council, and oppose creating divisions on the basis of ideology. Both sides agree that neo-colonialism and hegemonism go completely against the current trend of the times, call for equal dialogue, the development of partnerships, and the promotion of civilizational exchanges and mutual learning.” 双方认为，各国均有权根据本国国情和人民意愿，自主选择发展模式和政治、经济、社会制度，反对干涉主权国家内政，反对没有国际法依据、未经安理会授权的单边制裁和“长臂管辖”，反对以意识形态划线。双方指出，新殖民主义和霸权主义完全违背了当今时代潮流，呼吁开展平等对话、发展伙伴关系，推动文明交流互鉴.
Section two talks about continuing with leader-level and government to government cooperation.
“Both sides will continue to conduct exchanges between the leaders of the two countries' legislative bodies, deepen cooperation between the parliamentary cooperation committees, joint working groups, as well as special committees and parliamentary friendship groups. They will maintain communication and cooperation between the General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the Office of the President of the Russian Federation. They will carry out mutual trust dialogue within the framework of strategic security consultation and law enforcement security cooperation mechanisms. They will promote exchanges between the political parties, civil society and academic circles of the two countries.” 双方将继续开展两国立法机构领导人交往，深化两国议会合作委员会、联合工作组以及专门委员会、议员友好小组间合作，保持中共中央办公厅和俄罗斯联邦总统办公厅机构之间的交流合作，在战略安全磋商和执法安全合作机制框架下开展互信对话，促进两国政党以及民间、学术界交流.
“The two sides were pleased to point out that they have steadily carried out defence cooperation based on a high level of strategic mutual trust and effectively safeguarded regional and global security. The two sides will further deepen military mutual trust and cooperation, expand the scale of joint training exercises, regularly organise joint maritime and aerial patrols, strengthen coordination and cooperation within bilateral and multilateral frameworks, and continuously enhance the ability and level of both sides to jointly respond to risks and challenges.” 双方高兴地指出，两国在高水平战略互信基础上稳步开展防务合作，有效维护地区和全球安全。双方将进一步深化军事互信与协作，扩大联合演训活动规模，定期组织海上、空中联合巡航，加强双边及多边框架下协调与合作，不断提高双方共同应对风险挑战的能力和水平.
“Both sides attach great importance to cooperation in the field of law enforcement and security, and are willing to strengthen cooperation in combating terrorism, separatism, extremism, and transnational organized crime bilaterally and within the frameworks of the UN, SCO, and BRICS. The two sides are committed to strengthening cooperation between local law enforcement agencies of the two countries in the border areas.” 双方高度重视执法安全领域合作，愿在双边以及联合国、上海合作组织、金砖国家等框架下加强打击恐怖主义、分裂主义、极端主义、跨国有组织犯罪合作。双方致力于加强两国地方执法部门开展边境地区合作.
“Both sides pointed out that the practice of using multilateral or national judicial systems, or providing assistance to foreign judicial institutions or multilateral legal mechanisms in order to interfere in the sovereign affairs of other countries is unacceptable. They expressed deep concern about the increasing politicization of international criminal justice and the violation of human rights and sovereign immunity. Both sides believe that it is illegal for any country or group to take such measures; this violates universally recognized norms of international law, and will damage the international community's ability to fight crime.” 双方指出，利用多边或国家司法，或向外国司法机构或多边法律机制提供协助，借以干涉各国主权事务的做法不可接受，对国际刑事司法日益政治化以及对人权和主权豁免的侵犯深表关切。双方认为，任何国家或集团采取此类措施的行为都是非法的，违反公认的国际法准则，并将损害国际社会打击犯罪的能力.
“Both sides believe that in accordance with the basic principle of international law of the sovereign equality of all states, international obligations regarding immunity for countries and their property (including sovereign reserves) must be strictly observed. Both sides condemn attempts to confiscate foreign assets and property and emphasise the right of the victimised state to take countermeasures in accordance with international law…” 双方相信，根据各国主权平等的国际法基本原则，必须严格遵守有关国家及其财产（包括主权储备）享有豁免的国际义务。双方谴责没收外国资产和财产的企图，强调受害国有权依据国际法采取反制措施。双方决心对彼此在本国的国家财产提供保护，并保证对方国家财产在临时运至本国期间的安全、不可侵犯和及时返回.
Section three deals with pragmatic cooperation. So this includes
Expanding bilateral trade; holding the 8th China-Russia Expo in Harbin
Expanding investments and major project implementation
Consolidating China-Russia energy cooperation. This adds “efforts should be made to ensure the stability and sustainability of the international energy market and to maintain the stability and resilience of the global energy industry chain and supply chain. Carry out cooperation in oil, natural gas, liquefied natural gas, coal, electricity and other fields in accordance with market principles to ensure the stable operation of relevant cross-border infrastructure and unimpeded energy transportation. Jointly promote the implementation of large-scale energy projects by Chinese and Russian enterprises and deepen cooperation in promising areas, such as renewable energy, hydrogen energy and carbon markets.” 努力确保国际能源市场稳定且可持续，维护全球能源产业链供应链的稳定和韧性。根据市场原则开展石油、天然气、液化天然气、煤炭、电力等领域合作，确保相关跨境基础设施稳定运营，确保能源运输畅通无阻。共同推进中俄两国企业落实大型能源项目，并在可再生能源、氢能和碳市场等前景领域深化合作.
Deepening cooperation in nuclear energy
Increasing the share of local currencies in bilateral trade, financing and other economic activities. This adds: “strengthen regulatory cooperation in the banking and insurance industries between China and Russia, promote the steady development of banks and insurance institutions established by both sides in each other’s territory. Encourage two-way investment, and issue bonds in the other country's financial market on the premise of adhering to market-oriented principles. Support further cooperation in the fields of insurance, reinsurance and improving payment convenience to create good conditions for the expansion of tourism from both sides. On the basis of mutual recognition of the equivalence of accounting standards (in the field of bond issuance), auditing standards and audit supervision between China and Russia, we will actively promote mutually beneficial cooperation in practical fields.” 加强中俄银行业保险业监管合作，促进双方在对方境内开设的银行和保险机构稳健发展，鼓励双向投资，在遵循市场化原则的前提下在对方国家金融市场发行债券。支持在保险、再保险以及在提升支付便利性领域开展进一步合作，为双方游客量增长创造良好条件.
Carrying out financial intelligence cooperation between China and Russia, jointly prevent risks such as money laundering and terrorist financing, and continue to strengthen collaboration under multilateral frameworks against money laundering. 开展中俄金融情报合作，共同防范洗钱和恐怖主义融资等风险，继续加强在反洗钱多边框架下协作.
Enhancing cooperation in industry and innovation. This includes civil aviation manufacturing, shipbuilding, automobile manufacturing, equipment manufacturing, electronics industry, metallurgy, iron ore mining, chemicals, etc, and expanding trade in industrial products.
In ICT, it calls for cooperation in AI, communications, software, Internet of Things, open source, network and data security, electronic games, radio frequency coordination, vocational education and professional scientific research.
Consolidating and enhancing space cooperation, agricultural cooperation, transport and logistics, customs, intellectual property rights, competition policy, in the Arctic, BRI, etc.
Section four deals with people-to-people, technological and cultural exchanges. It calls to carry out joint training of high-level talents and joint scientific research and support cooperation in basic research between universities…Give full play to the potential of cooperation in basic research and applied research. Expand cooperation within the framework of large scientific facilities, support the joint construction of modern laboratories and advanced scientific research centers, maintain the initiative of the two countries in scientific and technological development, promote personnel exchanges, and carry out interdisciplinary climate change research.” ——持续深化教育合作，完善立法基础。推动双向留学扩大规模、提升质量，推进在俄中文教学和在华俄文教学，鼓励教育机构扩大交流、合作办学、开展高水平人才联合培养和科研联合攻关，支持高校间基础研究领域合作，支持同类大学联盟和中学联盟开展活动，深化职业和数字教育合作。——深化科技交流。发挥基础研究和应用研究领域合作潜力，拓展大科学装置框架下合作，支持共建现代化实验室与先进科研中心，维护两国科技发展主动权，促进人员交流，开展跨学科气候变化研究.
“Both sides believe that the diversity and uniqueness of different cultures and civilizations are the foundation of a multi-polar world, and will conduct exchanges, cooperation and mutual learning on this basis. Both sides oppose the politicization of culture and the discriminatory and exclusionary ‘civilizational superiority theory’. They also oppose some countries and ethnic groups implementing ‘cancel culture’ 取消文化, destroying or dismantling memorials and religious facilities, and encourage more countries to embrace traditional moral values.” 双方认为文化和文明多样性、独特性是多极化世界的基础，将基于此开展交流、合作、互鉴，反对将文化政治化，反对歧视性、排他性“文明优越论”，反对部分国家和民族实施“取消文化”以及损毁拆除纪念设施、宗教设施，推动更多国家认同传统道德观念.
This section also touches upon areas like film, health, biological security, infectious diseases, sports, tourism, etc. On sports, this is important, given that China itself discriminates against others, like say Indian athletes from Arunachal Pradesh.
“The two sides oppose the politicisation of sports and any use of sports as a tool to discriminate against athletes on the grounds of nationality, language, religion, political or other beliefs, race and social origin, and call on the international community to carry out equal international sports cooperation in accordance with the Olympic spirit and principles.” 双方反对将体育政治化，反对任何以国籍、语言、宗教、政治或其他信仰、种族以及社会出身为由将体育作为歧视运动员的工具，呼吁国际社会按照奥林匹克精神和原则开展平等的国际体育合作.
The section also touches on media cooperation, with both talking about the need to “Objectively and comprehensively report major global events and disseminate truthful/authentic真实 information in the international public opinion field.” 客观全面报道全球重大事件，在国际舆论场传播真实信息.
Section five says that:
“the two sides are willing to deepen bilateral cooperation within the UN framework, including the UN General Assembly and the Security Council, and should further strengthen collaboration when discussing important international issues within various United Nations agencies.” 双方愿深化在联合国大会及安理会在内的联合国框架下的双边合作，应在联合国各机构内讨论重要国际问题时加强协作。
It mentions opposing the politicisation of the WHO’s work. It mentions cooperation with regard to human rights so as to “advocate common values for all mankind, oppose the politicisation of human rights, double standards and the use of human rights issues to interfere in other countries' internal affairs.” (双方愿继续共同努力，推动各方在多边人权领域开展建设性对话与合作，倡导全人类共同价值，反对将人权政治化、双重标准以及利用人权问题干涉他国内政，共同推动国际人权议程各个方面的健康发展).
They both back the WTO system. “Both sides oppose the politicisation of international economic relations, including the work of multilateral organisations in the fields of trade, finance, energy and transportation, which will lead to global trade fragmentation, protectionism and vicious competition.” 双方反对将包括贸易、金融、能源和交通运输领域多边组织工作在内的国际经济关系政治化，这将导致全球贸易碎片化、保护主义及恶性竞争.
They condemn “unilateral actions” that bypass multilateral agencies. They also “emphasized their willingness to strengthen collaboration on multilateral platforms in professional fields, promote common positions, and oppose the politicization of the work of international organizations.” 此外，双方强调愿加强在专业领域多边平台的协作，推动共同立场，反对将国际组织工作政治化。
Section six says that:
“The two sides will continue to work together to build the SCO into an authoritative and influential multilateral organisation so that it can play a greater role in building a new fair and stable multipolar international order.” 双方将继续协作努力，把上海合作组织打造成具有权威性和影响力的多边组织，使其在构建新的公正稳定的多极化国际格局中发挥更大作用.
“The two sides are willing to work with other BRICS members to implement the consensus reached at previous BRICS leaders’ meetings, promote the integration of new members into the existing BRICS cooperation mechanism, and explore cooperation models among BRICS partner countries. The two sides continue to uphold the BRICS spirit, strengthen the voice of the BRICS mechanism in international affairs and international agenda setting, and actively carry out ‘BRICS+’ cooperation.” 双方愿同金砖国家其他成员落实历次金砖国家领导人会晤共识，推动新成员融入现有金砖合作机制，探讨金砖伙伴国合作模式。双方继续秉持金砖精神，提升金砖国家机制在国际事务、国际议程设置上的话语权，积极开展“金砖+”合作和金砖外围对话.
The document talks about “strengthening cooperation among BRICS countries in the fields of trade, digital economy, and public health, while promoting dialogue among BRICS countries on the use of local currencies for trade settlement, payment tools, and platforms.” 双方将推动提升金砖国家在国际舞台上的协作水平，包括加强金砖国家间贸易、数字经济、公共卫生领域的合作，同时有效推动金砖国家间贸易业务使用本币结算、支付工具和平台的对话。
The section also mentions cooperation at G20 and APEC and Russian support for GDI.
Section seven is really useful to understand their shared grievances with the US.
“Both sides believe that all nuclear-weapon states should uphold the principles of maintaining global strategic stability, security, equality and indivisibility. They should not expand military alliances and coalitions or establish military bases near the borders of other nuclear-weapon states, especially through pre-deployment of nuclear weapons, delivery vehicles, and other military strategic facilities, in a manner that infringes upon each other's vital interests. Comprehensive measures must be taken to prevent direct military confrontation between nuclear-weapon states, focusing on eliminating the root causes of conflicts in the security field.” 双方认为所有核武器国家都应秉持维护全球战略稳定、安全平等且不可分割的原则，不应通过扩张军事联盟和同盟，以及在抵近其他核武器国家边境地区建立军事基地，特别是预先部署核武器及其运载工具和其他军事战略性设施等方式侵犯彼此的切身利益。必须采取全面措施防止核武器国家之间发生直接军事对抗，重点是消除安全领域的根源性矛盾.
“Both sides once again expressed serious concern about the United States' attempts to undermine strategic stability in order to maintain its absolute military superiority. This mainly includes the construction of a global missile defense system by the United States, the deployment of missile defense systems worldwide and in space, strengthening the ability of precision non-nuclear weapons to disrupt the military operations of the other party and carry out ‘decapitation’ strikes, strengthening NATO's ‘nuclear sharing’ arrangements in Europe and providing ‘extended deterrence’ to individual allies, constructing infrastructure in Australia, a party to the South Pacific Nuclear-Free Zone Treaty, that may be used to support the operations of US and UK’s nuclear forces, carrying out out cooperation on nuclear submarines between the US, UK and Australia, and plans to deploy and provide land-based short- and medium-range missiles to its allies in the Asia-Pacific and European regions.” 双方再次对美国为维持自身绝对军事优势而破坏战略稳定的企图表示严重关切，主要包括美国建设全球反导体系并在世界各地和太空部署反导系统，强化高精度非核武器解除对方组织军事行动的能力和“斩首”打击能力，强化北约在欧洲“核共享”安排和对个别盟友提供“延伸威慑”，在《南太平洋无核区条约》缔约国澳大利亚建造可能用于保障美国、英国核力量实施行动的基础设施，开展美英澳核潜艇合作，实施在亚太和欧洲地区部署并向其盟友提供陆基中短程导弹的计划.
“The US under the pretext of conducting joint exercises with its allies that are clearly aimed at China and Russia, has begun taking actions to deploy land-based intermediate-range missile systems in the Asia-Pacific region. Both sides express serious concerns about this. The US further claims that it will continue to advance the aforementioned measures, and ultimately achieve its intention of normalising the deployment of missiles worldwide. Both sides condemn the above-mentioned measures in the strongest terms. They severely undermine regional stability and pose a direct security threat to China and Russia. Both sides will enhance coordination and cooperation to counter the US's non-constructive and hostile policy of so-called ‘dual containment’ targeted at China and Russia.” 美国借口同其盟友开展明显针对中俄的联合演习，着手采取行动在亚太地区部署陆基中导系统，双方对此表示严重关切。美方并声称将持续推进上述做法，最终实现在世界各地常态化部署导弹的意图。双方对上述极端破坏地区稳定、对中俄构成直接安全威胁的举措表示最强烈谴责，并将加强协调配合，应对美国对中俄非建设性、敌对的所谓“双遏制”政策.
The section talks about implementing the BWC along with having a verification mechanism. They also demand that the US “refrain from engaging in any biological military activities that threaten the security of other countries and regions, both at home and abroad.” 双方要求美国不得在其境内外从事任何威胁别国及有关地区安全的生物军事活动。
The section also talks about ensuring the peaceful use of outer space, preventing weaponisation and an arms race. They also want talks on a “legally binding multilateral instrument” based on standing Chinese and Russian proposals. It adds that the “the two sides will continue to coordinate actions on chemical weapons disarmament and non-proliferation issues…” The section also talks about terrorism, mentioning ETIM, and tackling transnational organized crime.
On AI governance, the document says that “both sides agreed to establish and make good use of a regular consultation mechanism to strengthen cooperation in artificial intelligence and open source technology, coordinate positions when reviewing artificial intelligence regulatory issues on international platforms, and support international conferences on artificial intelligence held by the other party.” 双方同意建立并用好定期磋商机制加强人工智能和开源技术合作，在国际平台上审议人工智能监管问题时协调立场，支持对方举办的人工智能相关国际会议. Also, both sides “oppose the use of technology monopoly and unilateral coercive measures to maliciously obstruct the development of AI in other countries and block the global AI supply chain.” 反对利用技术垄断、单边强制措施恶意阻挠他国人工智能发展、阻断全球人工智能供应链.
Section 8 argues for developed countries to provide financial support in order to combat climate change; it also says that both sides oppose erecting trade barriers on the grounds of combating climate change and linking climate issues with threats to international peace and security. 双方强调，发达国家为发展中国家提供的资金支持对减缓全球平均气温增长、适应全球气候变化负面影响至关重要。双方反对以应对气候变化为由设置贸易壁垒和将气候议题同国际和平安全威胁挂钩.
Among other things, it also says that “both sides express serious concerns about Japan's discharge of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water into the ocean.”
Section nine talks about the war in Ukraine. It says:
“Russia welcomes China's willingness to play a constructive role in resolving the Ukrainian crisis through political and diplomatic channels…Both sides believe that in order to steadily resolve the Ukraine crisis, it is necessary to eliminate the root causes of the crisis, adhere to the principle of indivisibility of security, and take into account the legitimate security interests and concerns of all countries.” 俄方欢迎中方愿为通过政治外交途径解决乌克兰危机发挥建设性作用...双方认为，为稳步解决乌克兰危机，必须消除危机根源，恪守安全不可分割原则，兼顾各国合理安全利益和关切。
Section ten, which is the final section, says that it is important to “explore the establishment of a sustainable security architecture in the Eurasian region based on the principle of equal and indivisible security.” 双方对国际和地区安全现实挑战表示关切并指出，在当前地缘政治背景下，有必要基于安全平等且不可分割原则，探讨在欧亚空间建立可持续安全体系。
“Both sides call on relevant countries and organizations to stop adopting confrontational policies and interfering in the internal affairs of other countries, disrupting existing security architectures, building ‘small yards and high walls’ including certain countries, fueling regional tensions, and advocating camp confrontation. Both sides oppose cobbling together closed, exclusive group structures in the Asia-Pacific region, especially military alliances targeting any third party.. Both sides pointed out that the US ‘Indo-Pacific Strategy’ and NATO's disruptive moves in the Asia-Pacific region have had a negative impact on peace and stability in the region.” 双方呼吁有关国家及组织停止采取对抗性政策和干涉他国内政，破坏现有安全架构，在国家间构筑“小院高墙”，挑动地区紧张局势，鼓吹阵营对抗。双方反对在亚洲和太平洋地区拼凑封闭排他的集团架构，特别是针对任何第三方的军事同盟。双方指出，美国“印太战略”以及北约图谋在亚太地区采取的破坏性动向，对该地区和平稳定造成消极影响.
The two sides “expressed serious concern” about AUKUS; talked about the need to strengthen coordination on deepening cooperation with ASEAN; and want the South China Sea issue to be addressed by “countries directly concerned” while “resolutely opposing the intervention of external forces”.
“Both sides oppose the hegemonic actions of the United States to change the balance of power in Northeast Asia by expanding military power and assembling military blocs. The US adheres to the Cold War mentality and the mode of camp confrontation, prioritising the security of ‘small cliques’ above regional security and stability, and endangering the security of all countries in the region. The US should cease such actions.” 双方反对美国通过扩大军事力量和拼凑军事集团改变东北亚地区力量平衡的霸权行径。美国抱守冷战思维和阵营对抗模式，将“小集团”安全凌驾于地区安全稳定之上，危害地区所有国家安全。美国应当停止此类行为.
They both expressed opposition to US actions with regard to North Korea, warning that they are exacerbating tensions and potentially provoking confrontation. 双方反对美国及其盟友在军事领域的威慑行径、挑动同朝鲜民主主义人民共和国对抗及可能引发的武装冲突而加剧朝鲜半岛局势紧张.
The document also talks about the need for a “two-state solution” with regard to Israel and Palestine. It also talks about issues related to Syria, Libya, and Afghanistan, dialogue related to African issues, and coordination on Latin American and Caribbean affairs. They also talk about the need for China and Russia to “actively cooperate to consolidate security in the Gulf region and promote regional countries to enhance mutual trust and achieve sustainable development.”